As tax filing season begins, scammers are ramping up efforts to steal taxpayers’ personal information through increasingly sophisticated schemes. Below, we discuss the latest scam, what to look out for in general, and what to do if you suspect something malicious.
New Scam of the Season
The U.S. Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA) recently issued an alert about a prevalent scam involving Economic Impact Payments.
In this scheme, taxpayers receive texts claiming they’re eligible for a $1,400 Economic Impact Payment, requesting personal information and bank details for deposit. While the IRS is indeed processing some legitimate Recovery Rebate Credit payments from 2021 tax returns, they will never request personal information via text or social media. These legitimate payments will be automatically distributed by late January 2025, either through direct deposit or paper check, with official notification letters sent separately.
Detecting Scam in General
The cybersecurity firm Guardio reports a 77 percent increase in IRS-related spam messages, highlighting how scammers exploit taxpayers’ fears of making mistakes on their returns. Common manipulation tactics include urgent messages claiming:
Tax return errors requiring immediate action to avoid penalties
Account flags demanding immediate information verification to prevent legal action
These fraudulent messages typically contain malicious links designed to steal sensitive information like Social Security numbers, banking details, and payment credentials. They often masquerade as official IRS forms or legitimate tax advisory companies.
Key Warning Signs of Tax Scams:
Requests for sensitive personal or financial information
Links to suspicious websites (legitimate government sites end in .gov)
Misspellings, grammatical errors, or inconsistent formatting
Fuzzy or distorted official logos
Initial contact via email, phone, text, or social media instead of postal mail
What to Do if You Receive a Suspicious Message
If you receive a suspicious message, don’t engage with it. Never click links or provide personal information to unknown sources. Report potential fraud by forwarding the message to phishing@irs.gov or filing a report with TIGTA. If you’re uncertain about correspondence claiming to be from the IRS, verify it by calling 800-829-1040 or visiting IRS.gov. Your online IRS account will display any official notices mailed to you.
If you’ve accidentally engaged with a scam:
Immediately close any suspicious website tabs
Change passwords for potentially compromised accounts
Contact your bank or credit card provider to monitor for fraudulent activity
Report the incident to the IRS and file an identity theft report with the Federal Trade Commission
Consider notifying local law enforcement
When searching for tax-related information online, only use official sources like IRS.gov or the official IRS app. Be wary of sponsored ads and search results that might lead to fraudulent websites. Consider bookmarking official sites for quick, secure access.
Conclusion
Remember, the IRS will never initiate contact through email, text, or social media. When in doubt, assume it’s a scam and verify through official channels. Keeping your personal information secure requires constant vigilance, especially during tax season when scammers are most active.
Alan F Burke CPA
As Tax Season Opens, We Must Stay Alert to Rising Scam Threats
March 1, 2025 · Blog, Tax and Financial News
⏱ 3 min read
As tax filing season begins, scammers are ramping up efforts to steal taxpayers’ personal information through increasingly sophisticated schemes. Below, we discuss the latest scam, what to look out for in general, and what to do if you suspect something malicious.
New Scam of the Season
The U.S. Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA) recently issued an alert about a prevalent scam involving Economic Impact Payments.
In this scheme, taxpayers receive texts claiming they’re eligible for a $1,400 Economic Impact Payment, requesting personal information and bank details for deposit. While the IRS is indeed processing some legitimate Recovery Rebate Credit payments from 2021 tax returns, they will never request personal information via text or social media. These legitimate payments will be automatically distributed by late January 2025, either through direct deposit or paper check, with official notification letters sent separately.
Detecting Scam in General
The cybersecurity firm Guardio reports a 77 percent increase in IRS-related spam messages, highlighting how scammers exploit taxpayers’ fears of making mistakes on their returns. Common manipulation tactics include urgent messages claiming:
Tax return errors requiring immediate action to avoid penalties
Account flags demanding immediate information verification to prevent legal action
These fraudulent messages typically contain malicious links designed to steal sensitive information like Social Security numbers, banking details, and payment credentials. They often masquerade as official IRS forms or legitimate tax advisory companies.
Key Warning Signs of Tax Scams:
Requests for sensitive personal or financial information
Links to suspicious websites (legitimate government sites end in .gov)
Misspellings, grammatical errors, or inconsistent formatting
Fuzzy or distorted official logos
Initial contact via email, phone, text, or social media instead of postal mail
What to Do if You Receive a Suspicious Message
If you receive a suspicious message, don’t engage with it. Never click links or provide personal information to unknown sources. Report potential fraud by forwarding the message to phishing@irs.gov or filing a report with TIGTA. If you’re uncertain about correspondence claiming to be from the IRS, verify it by calling 800-829-1040 or visiting IRS.gov. Your online IRS account will display any official notices mailed to you.
If you’ve accidentally engaged with a scam:
Immediately close any suspicious website tabs
Change passwords for potentially compromised accounts
Contact your bank or credit card provider to monitor for fraudulent activity
Report the incident to the IRS and file an identity theft report with the Federal Trade Commission
Consider notifying local law enforcement
When searching for tax-related information online, only use official sources like IRS.gov or the official IRS app. Be wary of sponsored ads and search results that might lead to fraudulent websites. Consider bookmarking official sites for quick, secure access.
Conclusion
Remember, the IRS will never initiate contact through email, text, or social media. When in doubt, assume it’s a scam and verify through official channels. Keeping your personal information secure requires constant vigilance, especially during tax season when scammers are most active.
Disclaimer
These articles are intended to provide general resources for the tax and accounting needs of small businesses and individuals. Service2Client LLC is the author, but is not engaged in rendering specific legal, accounting, financial or professional advice. Service2Client LLC makes no representation that the recommendations of Service2Client LLC will achieve any result. The NSAD has not reviewed any of the Service2Client LLC content. Readers are encouraged to contact a professional regarding the topics in these articles. The images linked to these articles are protected by copyright and should not be copied for any reason.
When it comes to financial analysis, there are two metrics that internal stakeholders and external users, such as investors and analysts, can use to assist with analyzing a business’s operations.
Free cash flow to the firm (FCFF) is used as part of a discount cash flow (DCF) calculation that aids in determining a company’s intrinsic value, helping investors make better informed decisions. This metric provides insight into how much cash flow is available to all funding claimants of the business (be it convertible bond investors, debt holders, and preferred and common stockholders). This is compared to free cash flow to equity (FCFE), which is how much cash flow a business can use if it has zero debt.
While there are many ways to arrive at FCFF, the following is one way to calculate it:
Step 1
Start with Net Operating Profit (NOPAT), which is determined by Earnings Before Interest and Taxes x (1 – Tax Rate)
Step 2
Add Depreciation and Amortization expenses to NOPAT
Step 3
Remove Capital Expenditures
Step 4
Remove Modifications in Net Working Capital
Further Considerations of FCFF Versus FCFE
FCFF assumes there are no payments for interest; nor have any changes in debt been factored in the company’s financial statements. FCFE factors in interest payments and any applicable changes in debt the company may have taken or paid off during the particular accounting time frame. FCFE provides analysts with the ability to determine how efficient a company is and how well (or not) it is at producing cash for equity holders.
Defining NOPAT
NOPAT is a way to see what the company’s operations produce, assuming it has no debt and, accordingly, no outstanding interest expense obligations. It gives analysts and investors an opportunity to look at potential investments with a standardized metric because companies can be seen as having debt and not having debt. It provides easier ability to see if companies can obtain and/or manage debt levels, along with other financial metrics used by investors and analysts.
Along with the already established formula to calculate NOPAT, there’s an alternate formula:
(Net Income + Tax + Interest Expense + Any Non-Operating Gains/Losses] x (1 – Tax Rate)
Operating Earnings = the company’s profits pre interest and taxes (or what the company would earn if it had zero debt, and therefore zero interest expense).
Putting NOPAT in Context
Other important considerations for NOPAT are that it excludes changes in accounts receivable, inventory, accounts payable, and inventory. Additionally, it excludes capital expenditures but accounts for amortization and depreciation.
How NOPAT Assists Analysts and Investors
Businesses can use this data to see how this metric drills down on the business’s core functions. It’s a way to determine how profitable or not a business’ core functions are over shorter and longer time frames. It helps businesses determine how efficient a company is against its competitors since it removes debt and tax comparisons.
Analysis is easier for both businesses looking for acquisitions and for investors. NOPAT helps investors determine which companies are most efficient within their sector based on their main functions. It helps remove the “noise” of debt levels and tax situations.
Looking at these two metrics at face value can seem daunting, but after breaking them down and understanding the differences, it’s easier to see how they aid in financial analysis.
Alan F Burke CPA
Understanding the Differences Between FCFF and NOPAT
March 1, 2025 · Accounting News, Blog
⏱ 3 min read
When it comes to financial analysis, there are two metrics that internal stakeholders and external users, such as investors and analysts, can use to assist with analyzing a business’s operations.
Free cash flow to the firm (FCFF) is used as part of a discount cash flow (DCF) calculation that aids in determining a company’s intrinsic value, helping investors make better informed decisions. This metric provides insight into how much cash flow is available to all funding claimants of the business (be it convertible bond investors, debt holders, and preferred and common stockholders). This is compared to free cash flow to equity (FCFE), which is how much cash flow a business can use if it has zero debt.
While there are many ways to arrive at FCFF, the following is one way to calculate it:
Step 1
Start with Net Operating Profit (NOPAT), which is determined by Earnings Before Interest and Taxes x (1 – Tax Rate)
Step 2
Add Depreciation and Amortization expenses to NOPAT
Step 3
Remove Capital Expenditures
Step 4
Remove Modifications in Net Working Capital
Further Considerations of FCFF Versus FCFE
FCFF assumes there are no payments for interest; nor have any changes in debt been factored in the company’s financial statements. FCFE factors in interest payments and any applicable changes in debt the company may have taken or paid off during the particular accounting time frame. FCFE provides analysts with the ability to determine how efficient a company is and how well (or not) it is at producing cash for equity holders.
Defining NOPAT
NOPAT is a way to see what the company’s operations produce, assuming it has no debt and, accordingly, no outstanding interest expense obligations. It gives analysts and investors an opportunity to look at potential investments with a standardized metric because companies can be seen as having debt and not having debt. It provides easier ability to see if companies can obtain and/or manage debt levels, along with other financial metrics used by investors and analysts.
Along with the already established formula to calculate NOPAT, there’s an alternate formula:
(Net Income + Tax + Interest Expense + Any Non-Operating Gains/Losses] x (1 – Tax Rate)
Operating Earnings = the company’s profits pre interest and taxes (or what the company would earn if it had zero debt, and therefore zero interest expense).
Putting NOPAT in Context
Other important considerations for NOPAT are that it excludes changes in accounts receivable, inventory, accounts payable, and inventory. Additionally, it excludes capital expenditures but accounts for amortization and depreciation.
How NOPAT Assists Analysts and Investors
Businesses can use this data to see how this metric drills down on the business’s core functions. It’s a way to determine how profitable or not a business’ core functions are over shorter and longer time frames. It helps businesses determine how efficient a company is against its competitors since it removes debt and tax comparisons.
Analysis is easier for both businesses looking for acquisitions and for investors. NOPAT helps investors determine which companies are most efficient within their sector based on their main functions. It helps remove the “noise” of debt levels and tax situations.
Looking at these two metrics at face value can seem daunting, but after breaking them down and understanding the differences, it’s easier to see how they aid in financial analysis.
Disclaimer
These articles are intended to provide general resources for the tax and accounting needs of small businesses and individuals. Service2Client LLC is the author, but is not engaged in rendering specific legal, accounting, financial or professional advice. Service2Client LLC makes no representation that the recommendations of Service2Client LLC will achieve any result. The NSAD has not reviewed any of the Service2Client LLC content. Readers are encouraged to contact a professional regarding the topics in these articles. The images linked to these articles are protected by copyright and should not be copied for any reason.
Artificial intelligence (AI) tools are reshaping content creation. It is now easier for businesses to produce images and videos for use on websites, social media, and other digital outlets. All this is possible without the traditional hurdles of expensive photoshoots, special design skills, or complex video production. However, as exciting as it is, business owners must pose and confront the question of whether these AI-generated images and videos are legally safe for commercial use from a copyright perspective.
Understanding AI-Generated Content and Copyright
AI-generated content is created by training algorithms with massive datasets of existing images, videos, and text. The AI models then analyze patterns from the training data to generate new content. However, issues arise concerning the ownership of the generated content. Without clear legal guidelines, the ownership of AI-generated images and videos remains a gray area that leaves businesses and individuals vulnerable to potential disputes.
Most jurisdictions, including the United States and the EU, deny copyright protection to work purely generated by AI as it lacks human authorship. The U.S. Copyright Office stated that only content with human creative input can be eligible for protection. In its January 2025 report, the U.S. Copyright Office also states that copyrightability must be assessed on a case-by-case basis.
Laws differ globally. For instance, while the U.S. copyright office has rejected applications for AI-generated content, the U.K. allows copyright when a significant human intellectual effort guides the output.
Copyright laws do agree that a business risks infringement claims if AI-generated content resembles existing copyrighted material. So far, there has been a surge in the number of copyright lawsuits because of generative AI. A good example is Getty Images sued Stability AI, alleging its Stable Diffusion model copied millions of Getty’s photos without permission.
Generally, despite the efforts made to develop copyright laws for AI output, unlike content created by humans, there still lacks a clear legal framework for ownership and usage rights. For one, laws and legal frameworks struggle to keep up with the speed at which AI technology advances. This means that currently, no definitive, globally recognized legal standards firmly establish the copyright status of AI creations. For a business, although using AI visuals is not inherently legal or forbidden, it is best to be cautious and take due diligence.
Best Practices Every Business Owner Must Keep in Mind
Read the terms of service (TOS) Every AI image and video generator has its own unique terms of service. Therefore, it is crucial to examine these terms carefully. Specifically, look for clauses that address issues such as commercial usage, ownership, indemnification, and TOS change policies.
Understand model releases This especially applies where the AI-generated images may include recognizable human faces. In the same way that there are rights of publicity and privacy in traditional photography of human models, consider if this also applies to AI-generated faces.
Documentation It is crucial to keep a record of each generated AI visual asset. Keep information such as AI platform used, prompts used, date of creation, TOS at the time of creation, and modifications made to the generated visual.
Consider using well-established platforms. Although there is no AI platform that offers a 100 percent guarantee of copyright safety, it is safer to lean toward well-established and respected AI generators. Also, platforms trained using licensed or public domain data should be considered.
Adopt the “human-in-the-loop” approach. This involves edits such as text overlays, color adjustments, or storyboarding. AI-generated content can be used as a starting point or for inspiration, but it is modified and refined by human designers. This results in a blend of AI assistant and human creative input to potentially mitigate copyright concerns.
Seek expert legal counsel. When dealing with content that is central to a business identity, such as branding or major marketing campaigns, it is critical to seek guidance from an attorney specializing in intellectual property law.
Stay informed Copyright law in the age of AI is not static; it is actively evolving. It is important, therefore, to commit to staying informed about legal developments, court rulings, and evolving practices. Business content strategies and practices also should be adjusted as the legal landscape changes.
Embrace the Future of Visuals Responsibly and Legally
The transformative power of AI to generate stunning visuals is promising to revolutionize business marketing and communication. However, business owners must approach this technology with a balanced perspective. That is, embracing its potential while avoiding copyright infringement, ensuring ethical content creation, and effectively safeguarding intellectual property assets.
Alan F Burke CPA
Copyright and AI-Generated Images and Videos:
March 1, 2025 · Blog, What's New in Technology
⏱ 4 min read
What Businesses Need to Know to Stay Legal
Artificial intelligence (AI) tools are reshaping content creation. It is now easier for businesses to produce images and videos for use on websites, social media, and other digital outlets. All this is possible without the traditional hurdles of expensive photoshoots, special design skills, or complex video production. However, as exciting as it is, business owners must pose and confront the question of whether these AI-generated images and videos are legally safe for commercial use from a copyright perspective.
Understanding AI-Generated Content and Copyright
AI-generated content is created by training algorithms with massive datasets of existing images, videos, and text. The AI models then analyze patterns from the training data to generate new content. However, issues arise concerning the ownership of the generated content. Without clear legal guidelines, the ownership of AI-generated images and videos remains a gray area that leaves businesses and individuals vulnerable to potential disputes.
Most jurisdictions, including the United States and the EU, deny copyright protection to work purely generated by AI as it lacks human authorship. The U.S. Copyright Office stated that only content with human creative input can be eligible for protection. In its January 2025 report, the U.S. Copyright Office also states that copyrightability must be assessed on a case-by-case basis.
Laws differ globally. For instance, while the U.S. copyright office has rejected applications for AI-generated content, the U.K. allows copyright when a significant human intellectual effort guides the output.
Copyright laws do agree that a business risks infringement claims if AI-generated content resembles existing copyrighted material. So far, there has been a surge in the number of copyright lawsuits because of generative AI. A good example is Getty Images sued Stability AI, alleging its Stable Diffusion model copied millions of Getty’s photos without permission.
Generally, despite the efforts made to develop copyright laws for AI output, unlike content created by humans, there still lacks a clear legal framework for ownership and usage rights. For one, laws and legal frameworks struggle to keep up with the speed at which AI technology advances. This means that currently, no definitive, globally recognized legal standards firmly establish the copyright status of AI creations. For a business, although using AI visuals is not inherently legal or forbidden, it is best to be cautious and take due diligence.
Best Practices Every Business Owner Must Keep in Mind
Read the terms of service (TOS) Every AI image and video generator has its own unique terms of service. Therefore, it is crucial to examine these terms carefully. Specifically, look for clauses that address issues such as commercial usage, ownership, indemnification, and TOS change policies.
Understand model releases This especially applies where the AI-generated images may include recognizable human faces. In the same way that there are rights of publicity and privacy in traditional photography of human models, consider if this also applies to AI-generated faces.
Documentation It is crucial to keep a record of each generated AI visual asset. Keep information such as AI platform used, prompts used, date of creation, TOS at the time of creation, and modifications made to the generated visual.
Consider using well-established platforms. Although there is no AI platform that offers a 100 percent guarantee of copyright safety, it is safer to lean toward well-established and respected AI generators. Also, platforms trained using licensed or public domain data should be considered.
Adopt the “human-in-the-loop” approach. This involves edits such as text overlays, color adjustments, or storyboarding. AI-generated content can be used as a starting point or for inspiration, but it is modified and refined by human designers. This results in a blend of AI assistant and human creative input to potentially mitigate copyright concerns.
Seek expert legal counsel. When dealing with content that is central to a business identity, such as branding or major marketing campaigns, it is critical to seek guidance from an attorney specializing in intellectual property law.
Stay informed Copyright law in the age of AI is not static; it is actively evolving. It is important, therefore, to commit to staying informed about legal developments, court rulings, and evolving practices. Business content strategies and practices also should be adjusted as the legal landscape changes.
Embrace the Future of Visuals Responsibly and Legally
The transformative power of AI to generate stunning visuals is promising to revolutionize business marketing and communication. However, business owners must approach this technology with a balanced perspective. That is, embracing its potential while avoiding copyright infringement, ensuring ethical content creation, and effectively safeguarding intellectual property assets.
Disclaimer
These articles are intended to provide general resources for the tax and accounting needs of small businesses and individuals. Service2Client LLC is the author, but is not engaged in rendering specific legal, accounting, financial or professional advice. Service2Client LLC makes no representation that the recommendations of Service2Client LLC will achieve any result. The NSAD has not reviewed any of the Service2Client LLC content. Readers are encouraged to contact a professional regarding the topics in these articles. The images linked to these articles are protected by copyright and should not be copied for any reason.
As tax filing season begins, scammers are ramping up efforts to steal taxpayers’ personal information through increasingly sophisticated schemes. Below, we discuss the latest scam, what to look out for in general, and what to do if you suspect something malicious.
When it comes to financial analysis, there are two metrics that internal stakeholders and external users, such as investors and analysts, can use to assist with analyzing a business’s operations.